WORLD HISTORY

• World History: HyperHistory
• History for Kids! - The history of Europe, Asia, and Africa before 1500 AD.
• History on the Net - Topics include the Romans, Normans, Medieval Life, Tudors, Stuarts, English Civil War, Black Peoples of America, American West, British Monarchy, Titanic, World War One, and World War Two. There is also an excellent alphabetical search index for historical information.
• The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern - Renowned historian Peter N. Stearns and thirty prominent historians have combined their expertise over the past ten years to perfect this comprehensive chronology of more than 20,000 entries that span the millennia from prehistoric times to the year 2000.
• Library @ nationalgeographic.com - Search the index for articles from 1888 to the present, then find the magazine in the library.
• History of Medicine - Contents include medicine in Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, medical developments in the middle ages, and biographies of Hippocrates, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Louis Pasteur, and others.
• British Monarchy - A collection of pages that give information about monarchs who have ruled Britain from 1066 to 2003. Excellent site for any research on the British monarchy.
• Your Guide to Religions of the World - This BBC site provides basic information about Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism.
• Myth Man's Homework Help Center - Over 200 pages to help you with your mythology projects, including close to 700 pictures.

MAPS & FLAGS

• Infoplease Atlas
• Flags and Maps of the World
• Atlapedia Online: Click a Map - Provides full color physical maps and political maps for regions of the world.
• Encarta Map Center - Enter the name of a city or country in the search box, or choose a country from the drop-down menu.
• National Atlas.gov - The National Atlas of the United States of America. This program allows you to make your own maps. Select, change, and display map layers. Roam across America and zoom in to reveal more detail. Point at map features to learn more about them. Locate and map more than 2,000,000 geographic names in the United States. New map layers are added each month.
• World Atlas of Maps, Flags, and Geography Facts. - This site includes a world atlas of facts, flags and maps including every continent, country, dependency, exotic destination, island, major city, ocean, province, state & territory on the planet.
• Big Wide World of Maps - Provides information on the history of mapmaking, what maps can teach us about the Earth, how accurate maps really are, and more.
• MapMachine - National Geographic's redesigned online atlas gives you the world your way. Find nearly any place on Earth, and view it by population, climate, and much more. Plus, browse antique maps, find country facts, or plan your next outdoor adventure with our trail maps.
• National Geographic Xpeditions
• World Flag Database
• Flags of all Countries
• Flags Of The World - This site is devoted to vexillology (the study of flags). Here you can read more than 26,000 pages about flags and view more than 48,000 images of flags.
• History of the Flag of the United States
• A Guide to American Flags - National/Historical Flags and Current State Flags.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

• FirstGov - This site is the U.S. government's official web portal.
• Government 101 - Learn how a bill becomes a law, what the President's and Congress' roles are, election process, and more.
• Welcome to the White House - This site provides information about the president and vice president, their accomplishments, and their families; and the history of the White House. Search White House documents and listen to speeches. The site also contains current government news.
• Fedworld Homepage - Search web pages on the FedWorld Information Network, search for U.S. government reports, and explore U.S. government web sites.
• U.S. House of Representatives - Directory of all House members and their staff; legislation currently before the House; list of House of Representatives organizations, task forces, and commissions.
• U.S. Senate - Information on senators; recent legislative actions; Senate history, procedures, and terminology.
• FedWorld's Supreme Court Decisions Homepage - Access over 7,000 Supreme Court opinions from 1937 through 1975; link to a site with 300 of the most historic decisions; or link to a site with all of the court's decisions since 1990. Search by case or by keyword.
• FirstGov for Kids - U.S. government interagency Kids' Portal. The site provides links to Federal kids' sites along with some of the additional kids' sites from other organizations all grouped by subject.
• Ben's Guide to U.S. Government for Kids - Excellent resource for understanding the government of the United States. You may view contents by grade level.
• White House Kids Home Page - The White House home page for kids.
• The United States Mint's Site for Kids - This site is designed to be a fun, educational tool -- for students and teachers -- that generates interest in coins, the Mint, and U.S. history.
• CIA Homepage for Kids - Presents a history of the CIA and information about the organization. The site also has puzzles and games.
• GovEngine.com - This site is dedicated to promoting e-Government initiatives and interconnectivity between the federal, state and local levels of government with the citizens. GovEngine's goal is to provide to the citizens of the United States of America an educational awareness and broadened understanding of online government accessibility and to emphasize the communication and cooperation between all branches and levels of government with the public. The site contains over 17,000 federal, state, and local governmental links.
• State and Local Government on the Net - This site provides a convenient one-stop access to the websites of thousands of state agencies and city and county governments. Only pages that are controlled and managed by state and local government agencies are included.

UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHY

• State and County QuickFacts - Quick, easy access to facts about people, business, and geography from the U.S. Census Bureau.
• The US50: A Guide to the Fifty States - Contains concise, important information about each state: History, Geography, Outdoors, Tourism, Calendar of Events, State Links, General State Information, State Products, and Historic Figures.
• Stately Knowledge - Facts About the United States - Provides basic facts about each state.
• United States Geography - Contains information about each of the fifty states, and provides links to other sites. Provides key facts, geographic landmarks, points of interest, major industries, historical highlights, population and culture, and interesting tidbits.
• The Fifty States - State profiles, maps, state trivia, government, geography & population, history, travel and climate, misc.
• World Almanac for Kids: States - Contains data and facts about each state. Information includes: Land and Resources, Population, Education and Cultural Activity, Government and Politics, Economy, and History.
• States and Capitals - Contains information about each state, plus provides links to more information.
• Netstate.com - Provides symbols, geography, maps, people, news, and much more on each state.
• State Reports - Choose your state from the map and follow the links to state information. Some information is only available to Class Brain members.
• Homework Center - State Report Information - This site from the Multnomah County Library provides links to information about each of the fifty states.
• 50 States - Provided by LibrarySpot.com. Contains links to state profiles, state facts and figures, home pages to each state, and more.
• States - Great links to each of the fifty states, from MyReportLinks.com.
• U.S. Geography - Links to U.S. Geography sites.
• United States Geography - U.S. Geography links.

NATIVE AMERICAN MYTHS & LEGENDS

• Aadizookaanag--Traditional Stories, Legends and Myths

• CREATION/MIGRATION/ORIGIN STORIES

• CREATION MYTHS and SACRED NARRATIVES OF CREATION

• EARTH BOW--NATIVE AMERICAN MYTHS

• THE MYTHS

• NATIVE AMERICAN MYTHOLOGY

• NATIVE AMERICAN MYTHS OF CREATION

• Indian Health Service Kids Page

GENERAL ANCIENT WORLD CIVILIZATIONS LINKS 

WORLD COUNTRY STUDIES

• Country Studies- The Country Studies Series presents a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of countries throughout the world.
• Portals to the World- Electronic resources on the nations of the world selected by Library of Congress subject experts.
• Infonation - Information is also available in Spanish.
• Countrywatch.com - Comprehensive background on the 192 countries of the world; great country information site.
• Countries of the World - Each country profile provides information on geography, maps, flag, current ruler, area, population, capital, largest cities, languages, ethnicity/race, religion, economy, government, and history.
• Background Notes - These publications include facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, and foreign relations of independent states, some dependencies, and areas of special sovereignty.
• Countries A to Z - Atlapedia Online. - Provides facts, figures and statistical data on geography, climate, people, religion, language, history, economy, and more.
• CountryReports.org - This site provides statistical information as well as cultural information that students, parents, teachers and researchers will find valuable. CountryReports.org has over 27,000 pages of content.
• Lonely Planet - Destinations
• Travel and vacation information - Traveler
• KidsClick!: Countries
• Nations Online: a guide to countries and nations of the world
• Countries of the World - 14 years of CIA World Fact Books
• NationMaster.com - A massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations. NationMaster is a vast compilation of data from such sources as the CIA World Factbook, UN, and OECD.
• Your Nation - This site allows you to choose countries to compare, using a long list of data; rank countries according to specific data; or generate a summary of a country.

HOLIDAYS AROUND THE WORLD

• Holidays: Religious and Secular, 2007
• Holidays: Religious and Secular, 2006
• Christian and Secular Holidays, 2000–2009
• Orthodox Holidays, 2001–2009
• Jewish Holidays, 2001–2009
• Islamic Holidays, A.H. 1423–1430 (2002–2009)
• Hindu Festival Dates 2006 and 2007
• Sikh Festival Dates, 2006 and 2007
• Jain Festival Dates, 2006 and 2007
• Chinese New Year
• State Holidays
• Black History and Other Heritage Months
• National Holidays Around the World
• Festivals Around the World

GENERAL SOCIAL STUDIES

• Mr. Dowling's Virtual Classroom
• Homework Helper Fun Facts: Social Studies - From Fact Monster.
• Social Studies for Kids - Subjects include cultures, holidays, languages, religions, economics, geography, maps, government, U.S. presidents, government, timelines, U.S. states, U.S. history, world history, and more.
• History and Social Studies Web pages - Links to a variety of social studies topics.
• Social Studies Sources - Links to general history, government/politics, geography/culture, world history, news sources, global/international studies, cultural diversity, and U.S. History.
• National Geographic.com - The web site of the National Geographic Society.
• A Biography of America - A history of the United States, from the first Americans to modern America.

 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

• Empires Past: Reference Library - Topics include the empires of Ancient Egypt, China, Rome, and the Aztecs.
• Ancient Mediterranean History - Greece, the Roman Empire, and Egypt are the three areas explored at the Ancient Mediterranean History site. Here you'll find their histories, along with photos of ancient artifacts.
• BBC - History - Ancient History - Explore ancient history through feature articles, 3-d virtual tours, games and animations.
• The Ancient World Web - Browse by category or search by keyword. Categories include Archaeology, Art, Buildings, Monuments and Cities, Daily Life, General Resources, History, Inspired by Ancient World, Institutions and Organizations, Language and Literature, Law and Philosophy, Mythology and Religion, and Science.
• Daily Life in Ancient Civilizations - Information about the daily lives of people in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, India, and more. Includes links to lesson plans for teachers.
• Ancient World History - Extensive list of ancient history links.
• Ancient World - Provides links to ancient history sites, including China, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Mesopotamia, and Rome.
• Kid Info - Ancient history sections include Ancient Indians, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome.
• Ancient History Resources - Alphabetical list of links to ancient history sites.
• ODYSSEY Online - Explore the Near East, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Africa. You may also view museum objects.
• Ancient Cultures of the World - Explore the ancient cultures of Africa, Australia/Oceania, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America.
• Asia for Educators - Subjects include art, language, literature, religion & philosophy, geography, population, society & culture, economy & trade, foreign policy & defense, government & politics, inventions/ideas, and history. Featured topics include: The Mongols in World History, The Song Dynasty in China, and Japanese Society and Culture.
• Exploring Ancient World Cultures - This site discusses the ways in which we are influenced by ancient cultures of the Near East, India, Egypt, China, Greece, Rome, Islam, and Europe.
• Ancient Technologies - Overview of ancient technologies and how they were developed and organized. Explores the technologies of food preparation, metal smithing, stone technologies, art, daily life and work, and science.
• The Ancient World - Information is presented in book chapter form. Ancient history chapters begin with the Stone Age and continue through all the ancient cultures.
• Mysterious Places - Explore sacred sites and ancient civilizations.
• Seven Wonders - Links to sites describing the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

GENERAL GEOGRAPHY LINKS

HOLOCAUST INFORMATION

GENERAL AMERICAN HISTORY

• A Biography of America - Very comprehensive website. Traces the history from the United States from New World Encounters to Contemporary History.
• American History - Topics include: American Revolution; Colonial America; Birth of a New Nation and Formation of a New Government; Civil War and Reconstruction; Industrial Revolution; Immigration; Our Nation Begins to Grow and Expand; Pioneers and Westward Expansion; and Twentieth Century.
• KidsClick! American History - Topics include: American History (General), Pilgrims, Colonial Period, Revolutionary War, Westward Expansion, Oregon Trail, Gold Rush, Slavery, Underground Railroad, Abraham Lincoln, Civil War, Cowboys & Cowgirls, Pony Express, Labor Movement, Immigration, WWI, WWII, Holocaust, Vietnam War, and more.
• Multnomah County Library Homework Center - American History - This site provides links to: American History Megasites, 17th Century, 18th Century, 19th Century, 20th Century, The 1920’s and Flappers, the 1960’s, California Missions, Civil Rights, Colonial History, Expansion and the West, Explorers, Forts, Ghost Towns, The Great Depression, Historical Documents, Immigrants and Immigration, Imperialism, Japanese-American Internment, Oregon History, The Oregon Trail, Presidents & First Ladies, Prohibition, Salem Witch Trials, Trails West, Trappers, Traders, Frontiers, and Mountain Men, Wars (Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War, World War I and World War II), Women and History, Women of the West, Women’s Suffrage Movement.
• Virtual Library: United States History - Search for history links by chronological period or by historical topic.
• Yahoo! U.S. History - Links to: African Americans, Exploration, Immigration, Independence Day, Labor, Legal, Maritime History, Military History, Native Americans, Science and Technology, Slavery, Women’s History.
• Archiving Early America - "Here at Archiving Early America, you will discover a wealth of resources -- a unique array of primary source material from 18th Century America. Scenes and portraits from original newspapers, maps and writings come to life on your screen just as they appeared to this country's forebears more than two centuries ago. As you browse through these pages, you will find it easier to understand the people, places and events of this significant time in the American experience."
• American Journeys: Eyewitness Accounts of Early American Exploration and Settlement - American Journeys contains more than 18,000 pages of eyewitness accounts of North American exploration, from the sagas of Vikings in Canada in AD1000 to the diaries of mountain men in the Rockies 800 years later.
• The History Place - US History Topics - Subjects include: The American Revolution; Civil War; 20th Century Topics; U.S. in World War II; The Vietnam War; and Presidents of the United States.
• USHistory.org - Discover the rich history and influential people of 18th century Philadelphia including Betsy Ross, the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, the Declaration of Independence and much more.
• America's Library - Discover America's past from the Library of Congress. Topics include: Meet Amazing Americans, Jump Back in Time, Explore the States, Join America at Play, and See, Hear and Sing.
• Freedom: A History of US - A PBS series with sixteen "webisodes" about freedom in the United States, and dangers to freedom in the nation's history.
• American Experience - Subjects include: The Presidents, The American Landscape, Popular Culture, Biographies, War and Politics, and Technology. Check out the kids link for other great topics from American history. From PBS.
• Digital History - This University of Houston site provides a U.S. history textbook, essays, documents, maps, photos, audio files, and more for teachers and students of American history in schools and colleges.
• Women in American History - Meet the important women in American History from the 1600s to the present. See their pictures, hear them speak, read their famous quotes and learn about their accomplishments.
• Native Americans - Links to sites about Native Americans.
• Encyclopedia of North American Indians -This site provides the 1996 online edition of the Encyclopedia of North American Indians published by Houghton Mifflin. Information includes descriptions of over 100 tribes, languages, biographies of Native American leaders and "draws people and places together around nearly one hundred interpretive entries that present brief overviews of significant topics, historical eras, and cultural traditions."
• Pilgrims - Provides links to sites about America's First Thanksgiving, the Mayflower Compact and the Mayflower, Pilgrims at Plymouth, and the Search for Religious and Political Freedom.
• Colonial Williamsburg - Experience Colonial Life by exploring the trades, politics, and other aspects of 18th-century living. Browse the Colonial Dateline highlighting events from 1750-1783.
• Colonial America - Links to Colonial America Megasites, Pilgrims & Puritans, British Colonies, Dutch Colonies, French Colonies, Salem Witch Trials, and Thanksgiving.
• Colonial Kids - A celebration of life in the 1700s. Learn what it was like for kids during colonial times.
• LIBERTY! - The American Revolution | PBS - This site is an online companion to LIBERTY! The American Revolution, a series of six one-hour documentaries. The Chronicle of the Revolution reports on the progress, setbacks, and successes of the American revolution; provides a timeline of the Revolution, and provides links to related topics. Perspectives on Liberty gives details of daily life in the colonies, the global village, and a military point of view.
• Virtual Marching Tour of the American Revolutionary War - A quick history of the Revolutionary War, plus an overview of the events leading up to the campaign; includes a timeline.
• Reference Resources: American Revolution - Links to sites about the American Revolution; great place to start any research about the American Revolution.
• From Revolution to Reconstruction - A hypertext on American History from the colonial period until modern times. Contains documents, essays, biographies, presidents.
• A Revolutionary WEBQUEST - Key events, Heroes of the Revolution, Lifestyle and Culture, Major Battles of the American Revolution.
• American Revolution - Links to a multitude of subjects related to the American Revolution. This is a good starting point for research.
• French and Indian War - Links to information about the French and Indian War.
• War of 1812 - Links to sites about the War of 1812.
• Trail of Tears - Links to sites about the Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears.
• A Pioneer's Journey to the Frontier - Information about pioneers, wagon trains, and life on the trail in the United States in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
• Pioneers - Provides links to sites about pioneers and pioneer life, the American West, boom towns, cowboys, Buffalo Bill, Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett, the Oregon Trail, the California gold rush, the Oregon Territory, and more.
• PBS - New Perspectives on THE WEST - Provides an illustrated introduction to the people, places, and events for which America's western frontier is known. From PBS.
• History of the American West - Over 30,000 photographs, drawn from the holdings of the Western History and Genealogy Department at Denver Public Library, illuminate many aspects of the history of the American West. Most of the photographs were taken between 1860 and 1920. They illustrate Colorado towns and landscape, document the place of mining in the history of Colorado and the West, and show the lives of Native Americans from more than forty tribes living west of the Mississippi River. Also included are World War II photographs of the 10th Mountain Division, ski troops based in Colorado who saw action in Italy.
• Wild West - Topics include: Annie Oakley, Discovery of Gold, Frontier Transportation, The Gold Rush, Lewis and Clark, Louisiana Purchase, Mountain Men, Oregon Trail, Pioneer Towns, Forts, Places, Women of the West, and Women in the Gold Rush.
• The American West - Presents the history and development of the American West. Contents include: Archaeology, Cowboys, Critters, Emigration, Events, Expansion, Native Americans, Mining, Outlaws, Pioneers, Places, Transportation, and more.
• Pony Express - The site is divided into "The Bunkhouse" and the "School House," and provides maps of the route, biographies of the riders, and links to other sources.
• Discovering Lewis and Clark - Very nice multimedia website. Topics include: The Expedition, American Nation, The Corps, Geography, Issues and Values, Journal Excerpts, Native Nations, Natural History, Technology, and Visions.
• Lewis and Clark - Lots of good links to information about Lewis and Clark.
• All About the Oregon Trail - Very good site about the Oregon Trail.
• Gold Rush - Nice overview of the gold rush, gold fever, the journey of the Forty-niners, and the Californians. This is a great place to start research on the Gold Rush.
• Civil War - Links to a multitude of subjects related to the American Civil War. This is a good starting point for research.
• The Time of the Lincolns - Find out what it was like to live during the time of the Lincolns. Gain insights into women's rights, slavery, abolition, politics and partisanship, the growth of the industrial economy and the Civil War. From PBS.
• Immigrants & Immigration - Topics include: Immigration Megasites, Citizenship, Angel Island, Ellis Island, Immigrants, Immigration Today, Statue of Liberty, and US Immigration Legislation.
• Political Culture and Imagery of American Woman Suffrage - This online exhibit explores the 72-year women’s movement that ended in 1920 when women gained the right to vote.
• Women and the Vote - A very nice introduction and overview of Alice Paul, and her followers in the National Women's Party.
• The Suffragettes - A brief history of Women's Suffrage and Suffragettes.
• Suffragettes & Women's Right to Vote - Extensive list of sites about Women's Suffrage.
• Who are the Suffragettes? - Brief biographies of Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
• Women's Suffrage Movement - Good links to information about the Women's Suffrage Movement.
• Industrial Revolution - Lots of links to information about the Industrial Revolution.
• Roaring Twenties - Topics include: Temperance and Prohibition, Al Capone, The Roaring Twenties, and The Jazz Age.
• Jazz - Links to information about the history of Jazz, Jazz music and musicians
• The Great Depression - Topics include: 20th Century History, America From the Great Depression to World War II, Herbert Hoover, The New Deal, and the Wall Street Crash.
• World War I - Lots of links to sites about the first World War.
• World War II - Lots of links to sites about World War II.
• National Atomic Museum | The Manhattan Project - Good information about the Manhattan Project, Los Alamos, and J. Robert Oppenheimer.
• Vietnam - Links to sites about the Viet Nam War.
• Military History Encyclopedia on the Web - Covers battles, sieges, weapons, equipment, treaties, military units, individuals.
• Smithsonian National Museum of American History - Provides links to virtual exhibits housed in the National Museum of American History.
• American Memory from the Library of Congress - Historical collection of America’s culture and history from the Civil War to World War II.
• A Century in Review - Student created site offers a graphical overview of each decade in the 20th century.
• They Made America - Companion site to the PBS special 'Who Made America.' Find out about the extraordinary innovators whose ideas and entrepreneurial spirit gave birth to landmark advances like the steamboat and the 747 jetliner, and cultural touchstones like the Barbie doll and CNN. Profiles of each innovator can be viewed chronologically, geographically, and by category.
• Inventors and Inventions - Provides lots of links to inventions and inventors. This is a great place to begin research on the subject of inventions.
• Scientific Inventions 1900 - Topics include: Inventors 1900 -1990; Inventions 1900-1990; Antiobiotics; Atomic Power; Computers;Helicopters; The Internet; Jet Engine; Liquid-fuel rockets; Personal Computer; Plastic; Radar; Television; and The Wright Brothers and Flight.
• Wright Flight - Good introduction to the Wright brothers and their first flight.
• Discovery Channel: First in Flight - Explore an interactive model of the first airplane, see the first flights, explore the shed where the Wright Brothers experimented with their flying machines, and more.
• Slavery in New England - Interactive site designed to help middle school students understand the condition of African slaves in New England.
• Slave Voices - Traces slavery in America from its earliest origins to post-Emancipation. Includes links to primary sources and personal slave accounts.
• The Encyclopedia Britannica Guide to Black History - Multimedia site includes a timeline, overview of the eras in black history, links to biographical sketches of dozens of well-known African-Americans, and historic audio and video clips.
• Black History Guide and Black History Month - Captures several milestones, personalities, and influences that helped civil rights in America.
• School Desegregation - This site focuses on Little Rock and the black students who attended an all white high school for the first time.
• September 11, 2001, Documentary Project - The September 11, 2001, Documentary Project captures the heartfelt reactions, eyewitness accounts, and diverse opinions of Americans and others in the months that followed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and United Airlines Flight 93. Patriotism and unity mixed with sadness, anger, and insecurity are common themes expressed in this online presentation of almost 200 audio and video interviews, 45 graphic items, and 21 written narratives.

WORLD GEOGRAPHY

• Homework Helper Fun Facts: Geography - From Infoplease.com. Provides information on the world's continents; highest mountains; principal rivers and deserts: largest lakes and islands: highest waterfalls; earthquake data; oceans and seas; polar regions; and much more.

• Geography World - Geography World features a large collection of resources and links for teachers and students at all levels.

• Geography Links - Links to Country Studies, Maps, World News Sources, General Geography, Cultural Geography, and Physical Geography.

• Geographic.org - Geography, climate, countries, maps, flags, population.

• World Geography - From Fact Monster.

• World Geography - From Infoplease.

• The Columbia Gazetteer of North America - Comprehensive encyclopedia of geographical places and features.

• What is the Capital? - Lists capital cities for all countries in the world and the 50 U.S. states.

• World Geography - Links to great world geography sites.

• Longitude & Latitude - Links to sites that introduce, define, and explain longitude and latitude.

• NOVA Online | Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude - This site is a companion to a PBS NOVA program. Based on the bestselling book Longitude by Dava Sobel, the program tells the story of how an unknown genius, John Harrison, discovered the key to navigating on the open seas and thus solved one of the thorniest problems of the 1700s.

• National Geographic Magazine - This is the online and interactive edition of the National Geographic Magazine. It includes articles and pictures from the current issue of the magazine as well as archive with links to the past nine years of the periodical.